• severe defoliation of the attacked tree
• bundles of needles are cut off at their base and pile up
  under the tree
• egg masses can be found on the bark below branches
• infestation of plantation usually starts from the ridge
  and proceeds downwards into the valley
• outbreaks occur periodically every ten to 20 years

Lymantria ninayi Bethune-Baker (Lymantriidae) and
other lepidopteran defoliators

(right photo courtesy of J. W. Dobunaba)

• terminal buds are affected causing malformation and
  permanent stunting
• seedlings in nurseries and trees on unfavourable sites
  are attacked
• heavy infestation can eventually kill host

Pine Woolly Aphid Pineus pini (Macquart) (Adelgidae)