• terminal buds are affected causing malformation and permanent stunting
• seedlings in nurseries and trees on unfavourable sites are attacked
• heavy infestation can eventually kill host

Pine Woolly Aphid Pineus pini (Macquart) (Adelgidae)

• sparse foliage of trees, especially of the upper crown
• dark foliage due to black sooty mould growing on honey dew produced by scales
• scales visible on needles
• loss of increment and die-back

Red Wax Scale Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae)

(reproduced from Merrifield, L.E. & Howcroft, N.H.S., 1975)