• pin- and shot-holes in stem and timber
• holes are free of sawdust and frass
• sawdust-like powder can be often found on the bark below the holes
• sometimes resin is dripping from the borehole
• wood adjacent to the hole is often stained by the fungal blue stain

Pin- and shot-hole borers (Platypodidae and Scolytidae)

• large borehole (Æ 10 - 15 mm) in vicinity of nodes
• attack results in degrade of timber, but can be fatal if attack sustained
• generally injured or pruned trees with resin flow are attacked
• attack clustered on trees older than four years

Hoop pine weevil Vanapa oberthuri (Pouillaude) (Curculionidae)

• larger boreholes in standing or recently felled trees
• attack of stressed and injured trees forest fire or infestation with primary pest
• often infested simultaneously by several pests, resulting in the host’s death
• degrade of timber

Curculionidae and/or Cerambycidae wood borers

• stem of seedling debarked or ringbarked at its base

Seedlings damaged by grasshoppers (Orthoptera)