• zigzag-like tunnels visible on bark
• semi-circular holes in the bark of the tree
• epicormic shoots developing from the trunk
• unhealthy young trees and trees planted in
• unsuitable conditions are preferably infested and eventually die

Under-Bark Borer Agrilus opulentus (Buprestidae)

• leaves are more or less densely covered with purple or brown blotches and translucent, shell-like lerps
• infested tree can be completely defoliated and eventually dies

Lace or Basket Lerp Cardiaspina spp. (Psyllidae)

• leaves are covered with white fibrous lerps that more or less defoliate the host
• leaves often stained with black sooty mould growing on honey dew

Glycaspis spp. (Psyllidae)

• wilt of whole branches starting from the tips and/or affecting the tree top
• mud covers on the base of the tree up to a few metres
• riddled wood filled with holes
• termite nest with more or less regular, smooth surface often in adjacent tree
• trees susceptible to damage by wind
• trees of any age can be attacked and eventually die

Nasutitermes novarumhebridarium (Holmgren) (Termitidae)

• young seedlings in the nursery completely defoliated, bent or cut off right above the soil
• damage occurs mostly during night
• stem of seedling debarked or ringbarked at the base

Seedlings either damaged by cutworms (Noctuidae) or by grasshoppers (Orthoptera)

• leaves of terminal branches of younger trees trimmed by larval beetles
• defoliation of tree tops
• crescent-shaped feeding notches on leaves of the lower crown made by adult beetles

Eucalypt Leaf Beetle Paropsis spp. (Chrysomelidae)

(reprod. by permission of CSIRO Australia)

• fine, powder-like dust on the bark beneath the bore holes
• cross section shows boreholes that are radially arranged
• infestation occurs mainly after fire

Xylothrips religiosus Boisduval and other powder-post beetles (Bostrichidae and Anobiidae)

(reproduced from Wylie, F.R. et al., 1973)