• leaf wilt starting from the tree top downwards and from the tips of the branches inwards
• crown more or less defoliated, leader without leaves
• mud packs at base of the stem
• base of the stem with ‘pipe’
• hollow sound of stem when tapped
• trees and seedlings of all ages are affected

Coptotermes elisae (Desneux) (Rhinotermitidae)

• leaf wilt starting at the lower branches moving upwards to the tip of the crown and from the tips of the branches inwards
• distinctive mines in the cortex between the healthy green and wilt yellow or brown area of the branchlets
• mainly 4 to 11 year old trees are infested
• infestation can kill host on long term

Hylurdrectonus araucariae (Schedl) (Scolytidae)

• pin- and shot-holes in stem and timber
• holes are free of sawdust and frass
• sawdust-like powder can be often found on the bark below the holes
• sometimes resin is dripping from the borehole
• wood adjacent to the hole is often stained by the fungal stain

Pin- and shot-hole borers (Platypodidae and Scolytidae)

• surface of leaves and twigs eaten
• branches are defoliated and start to wilt
• infested trees appear brown
• last instar caterpillars can be found at base of the stem

Millionaire moth Milionia isodoxa Prout (Geometridae)

(reproduced from Wylie, F.R., 1974)

• large borehole (Æ 10 - 15 mm) in vicinity of nodes
• attack results in degrade of timber, but can be fatal if attack sustained
• generally injured or pruned trees with resin flow are attacked
• attack clustered on trees older than four years

Hoop pine weevil Vanapa oberthuri (Pouillaude) (Curculionidae)

• larger boreholes in standing or recently felled trees
• attack of stressed and injured trees after fire or infestation with primary pest
• often infested simultaneously by several pests, resulting in the host’s death
• degrade of timber

Curculionidae and/or Cerambycidae wood borers

• stem of seedling debarked or ringbarked at its base

Seedlings damaged by grasshoppers (Orthoptera)